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Chemisch-hydrographische Untersuchungen in der inneren Deutschen Bucht

Zusammenfassung Anläßlich eines größeren Unternehmens wurde Anfang August 1954 eine achttägige eingehende hydrographisch-chemische Untersuchungsfahrt mit dem Forschungskutter Südfall vom Institut für Meereskunde der Universität Kiel in der inneren Deutschen Bucht durchgeführt. Infolge der wochenlangen gleichförmigen Wetterlage vor Beginn der Fahrt zeigte die oberflächennahe Schicht auf Grund der Salzgehalts-Untersuchungen ein verhältnismäßig ausgeglichenes Bild der Wasserverteilung. Als beherrschende hydrographische Erscheinung zog sich das salzarme und leichte Eibwasser von der Elbmündung als in sich geschlossene zungenförmige Wassermasse in nordwestlicher Richtung diagonal durch das Untersuchungsgebiet. Verwirbelungserscheinungen mit dem von Südwesten andringenden Nordseewasser, wie sie von früheren Beobachtungen her bekannt sind und die Regel bilden, waren nur verhältnismäßig schwach ausgebildet. Auf der rechten Flanke der Elbwasserzunge im küstennahen Gebiet ließen sich jedoch zwei bisher noch nicht bekannte antizyklonal ausgerichtete Wirbel erkennen.Ergänzt wurden die Salzgehalts-Messungen durch eine Anzahl verschiedenartiger chemischbiologischer Untersuchungen. Die Bearbeitung des Eiweiß-, Chlorophyll- und Gelbstoff-Gehalts, sowie der Wasserfluoreszenz und des Gehalts an Silikat und Phosphat ergaben interessante gegenseitige Beziehungen und ließen deutlich den zyklischen Charakter der Lebensvorgänge im Meere hervortreten. Die Zusammenhänge erscheinen jedoch derartig vielfältig und unregelmäßig, daß eine endgültige Klärung zunächst noch nicht möglich ist.

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Chemical and hydrographical investigations in the inner part of the German Bight

Summary In connection with an extensive research programme, an eight-days' research cruise was undertaken on board the cutter Südfall of the Institut für Meereskunde der Universität Kiel to the inner part of the German Bight at the beginning of August 1954, in order to study in detail the hydrographic and chemical conditions. As could be seen from the salinity records, the distribution of the water masses in the subsurface layer was found to be of a comparatively uniform character owing to the prevailing meteorological conditions that had shown but little change throughout a period of several weeks before the beginning of the cruise. As a dominating hydrographic phenomenon, the light Elbe river water with its low salinity formed a closed water body similar to a tongue that, issueing from the mouth of the Elbe river, crossed the region of research in a north-westerly direction. Contrary to what has been previously observed and regularly encountered in this region, there occurred no eddy activity to any significant extent between this type of water and the water masses that were advancing from the south-western part of the North Sea. On the right-hand flank of the tongue of Elbe river water near the coast two anticyclonic eddies could be recognized that heretofore had never been observed.The salinity observations were supplemented by a number of different chemical and biological investigations. The elaboration of the content in albumen, chlorophyll, andGelbstoff as well as the studies of fluorescence in sea water and of the content in silicate and phosphate revealed interesting correlations and gave a clear evidence of the cyclic character of biological processes in the ocean. However, the complexity and irregularity of the relations do not permit at the present stage of research to give a definite explanation.

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Recherches d'hydrographie et de chimie dans la «Deutsche Bucht» (golfe allemand)

Résumé A l'occasion de travaux étendus une croisière de huit jours a été exécutée au commencement du mois d'août 1954 dans la partie intérieure de la Deutsche Bucht à bord du cutter «Südfall» de l'Institut für Meereskunde der Universität Kiel pour étudier en détail des conditions hydrographiques et chimiques. Suivant les observations de salinité, la. distribution des eaux dans la couche subsuperficielle était relativement uniforme par suite des conditions météorologiques peu variées qui régnaient pendant plusieurs semaines avant le commencement de la croisière. Les eaux légères à faible salinité de l'Elbe, phénomène hydrographique dominant, formaient une masse serrée d'eau en forme de langue qui, partant de l'embouchure de l'Elbe, traversait en direction nord-ouest la région de recherches. L'activité des tourbillons comme elle est connue des observations antérieures et régulièrement remarquée au rencontre des eaux à faible salinité avec celles venant de la partie sud-ouest de la mer du Nord n'était que relativement faible. On pouvait, cependant, reconnaître sur le flanc droit de la «langue de l'eau de l'Elbe», au voisinage de la côte, deux tourbillons anticyclonaux inconnus jusqu'ici.Les mesures de la salinité furent supplementées par plusieurs recherches différentes dans le domaine de la chimie biologique. L'exploitation des observations de la teneur en albumine, en chlorophylle et enGelbstoff ainsi que les études de la fluorescence de l'eau de mer et de la teneur en silicate et en phosphate révélaient des corrélations intéressantes et mettaient nettement en relief le caractère cyclique des processus biologiques. Cependant, la complexité et l'irrégularité des relations ne permettent pas à l'état actuel de nos recherches d'en donner une explication définitive.

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Herrn Professor Dr. Gerhard Schott zum 90. Geburtstag gewidmet.     

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Incipient devitrification of impact melt particles at Bosumtwi crater,Ghana: Implications for suevite cooling history and melt dispersion

The petrographic, mineralogical, and geochemical compositions of the incipient devitrification products in impact melt fragments found in outer suevites at the Bosumtwi impact crater were studied to reconstruct the postimpact environmental constraints on the suevite formation and to refine its cooling history. Our study shows that devitrified melt/particles contain numerous microlitic crystals and crystal aggregates of different shapes derived from rapid cooling. The matrix of melt/particles in Bosumtwi suevites contains abundant Mg‐hercynite (pleonaste)‐type spinels with sizes rarely exceeding a few micrometers. High nucleation density of microlites suggests rapid crystallization under strong undercooling in the presence of abundant volatiles. Although the Bosumtwi impact event took place in a continental environment, the possible sources for elevated fluid/volatile content could have been the groundwater in the deeply weathered and fractured‐jointed Birimian basement, dewatering of abundant hydrous phases in weathered crust or hydrothermally altered basement, and the shale/phyllite–greywacke lithologies in the target rocks. Our results show that enough volatiles were present in the target rocks at the time of impact for the effective impact melt dispersion observed in Bosumtwi impactites.     

Labour mobility in the public sector: the impact of job opportunities

This paper investigates the mobility of highly skilled labour, using doctors in public hospitals in Denmark as an example. From the perspective of regional development, the concentration of human capital is one of the contributors to regional growth and consequently to inequality between places, being associated most often with differences in economic growth between regions. The decentralisation of highly skilled public jobs to even out the concentration of human capital could be one way to stimulate growth outside city regions. However, such initiatives are somewhat dependent upon the cooperation of the highly skilled public employees, whose preferences have been little studied thus far. Based on data from a survey of 1600 publicly employed doctors, PLUM regression modelling was applied to test the relative significance of four professional preferences influencing choice of workplace. It was found that professional preferences have different influences on doctors’ choices, depending on their place of residence measured in terms of a location’s population density. The paper concludes that opportunities in employment depend on one’s stage in life and can serve to explain choices and mobility among highly skilled public employees.     

The fate of production in the central Arctic Ocean - top-down regulation by zooplankton expatriates?

We estimated primary and bacterial production, mineral nutrients, suspended chlorophyll a (Chl), particulate organic carbon (POC) and nitrogen (PON), abundance of planktonic organisms, mesozooplankton fecal pellet production, and the vertical flux of organic particles of the central Arctic Ocean (Amundsen basin, 89-88° N) during a 3 week quasi-Lagrangian ice drift experiment at the peak of the productive season (August 2001). A visual estimate of ≈15% ice-free surface, plus numerous melt ponds on ice sheets, supported a planktonic particulate primary production of 50-150 mg C m⁻² d⁻¹ (mean 93 mg C m⁻² d⁻¹, n = 7), mostly confined to the upper 10 m of the nutrient replete water column. The surface mixed layer was separated from the rest of the water column by a strong halocline at 20 m depth. Phototrophic biomass was low, generally 0.03-0.3 mg Chl m⁻³ in the upper 20 m and <0.02 mg Chl m⁻³ below, dominated by various flagellates, dinoflagellates and diatoms. Bacterial abundance (typically 3.7-5.3 × 10⁵, mean 4.1 × 10⁵ cells ml⁻¹ in the upper 20 m and 1.3-3.7 × 10⁵, mean 1.9 × 10⁵ cells ml⁻¹ below) and Chl concentrations were closely correlated (r = 0.75). Mineral nutrients (3 μmol NO₃ l⁻¹, 0.45 μmol PO₄ l⁻¹, 4-5 μmol SiO₄ l⁻¹) were probably not limiting the primary production in the upper layer. Suspended POC concentration was ∼30-105 (mean 53) mg C m⁻³ and PON ∼5.4-14.9 (mean 8.2) mg N m⁻³ with no clear vertical trend. The vertical flux of POC in the upper 30-100 m water column was ∼37-92 (mean 55) mg C m⁻² d⁻¹ without clear decrease with depth, and was quite similar at the six investigated stations. The mesozooplankton biomass (≈2 g DW m⁻², mostly in the upper 50 m water column) was dominated by adult females of the large calanoid copepods Calanus hyperboreus and Calanus glacialis (≈1.6 g DW m⁻²). The grazing of these copepods (estimated via fecal pellet production rates) was ≈15 mg C m⁻² d⁻¹, being on the order of 3% and 20% of the expected food-saturated ingestion rates of C. hyperboreus and C. glacialis, respectively. The stage structure of these copepods, dominated by adult females, and their unsatisfied grazing capacity during peak productive period suggest allochthonous origin of these species from productive shelf areas, supported by their long life span and the prevailing surface currents in the Arctic Ocean. We propose that the grazing capacity of the expatriated mesozooplankton population would match the potential seasonal increase of primary production in the future decreased ice perspective, diminishing the likelihood of algal blooms.     

Vertical flux of biogenic matter during a Lagrangian study off the NW Spanish continental margin

Lagrangian experiments with short-term, drifting sediment traps were conducted during a cruise on RRS Charles Darwin to the NW coast of Spain to study the vertical flux and composition of settling biogenic matter. The cruise was split into two legs corresponding to (i) a period of increased production following an upwelling event on the continental shelf (3–10 August 1998) and (ii) an evolution of a cold water filament originating from the upwelled water off the shelf (14–19 August). The export of particulate organic carbon (POC) from the upper layer (0–60m) on the shelf was 90–240mgC.m⁻².d⁻¹ and off the shelf was 60–180mgC.m⁻².d⁻¹. Off shelf the POC flux at 200m was 50–60mg.m⁻².d⁻¹. A modest sedimentation of diatoms (15–30mgC.m⁻².d⁻¹) after the upwelling was associated with increased vertical flux of chlorophyll a (1.8–2.1mg.m⁻².d⁻¹) and a decrease of the POC:PON molar ratio of the settled material from 9 to 6.4. Most of the pico-, nano-, and microplankton in the settled material were flagellates; diatoms were significant during the on shelf and dinoflagellates during the off shelf leg. Off shelf, the exponential attenuation of POC flux indicated a strong retention capacity of the plankton community between 40 and 75m. POC:PON ratio of the settled particulate matter decreased with depth and the relative portion of flagellates increased, suggesting a novel, flagellate and aggregate mediated particulate flux in these waters. Export of POC from the euphotic layer comprised 14–26% of the integrated primary production per day during the on shelf leg and 25–42% during the off shelf leg, which characterises the importance of sedimentation in the organic carbon budget of these waters.     

Production, retention and export of zooplankton faecal pellets on and off the Iberian shelf, north-west Spain

Vertical distribution of faecal pellets (FP), their sedimentation and the production rates of FP by mesozooplankton were studied during a cruise on and off the Iberian shelf in August 1998. The cruise was divided into two legs, each of them a short-term Lagrangian drift experiment. FP were collected with water bottles, with drifting sediment traps and during experiments carried out onboard the ship. The pellets were enumerated and their biovolumes and carbon contents (FPC) were calculated.The standing stock of FP in the upper 50 m was on average three times higher during the first on-shelf experiment than during the second off-shelf experiment. There were large diurnal variations, but no clear pattern emerged between day and night sampling. The vertical export of FPC from the upper, productive layer was on average one order of magnitude greater on the shelf (range 6–160 mg.m⁻².d⁻¹) compared to the off-shelf experiment (range 1–30 mg.m⁻².d⁻¹). FPC sedimentation explained 20% of the total POC export from the euphotic layer on the shelf, but <5% off the shelf. FP sedimentation was dominated by medium-sized cylindrical pellets (40–60 μm in diameter), but larger cylindrical pellets (60–100 μm in diameter) also played an important role. The smaller FP size fractions were never of any significance, in spite of the high abundance of smaller calanoid and cyclopoid copepods. The community production of FPs by mesozooplankton were calculated for the off shelf stations, and the average retention potential of FP in the upper 200 m was estimated to be 98%. Thus retention processes are clearly important for cross-shelf advection of FPs, their injection into the deep ocean and in the regulation of pelagic benthic coupling.     

Ein einfaches Klein-Aräometer zur exakten Bestimmung des Salzgehaltes im Meerwasser

Zusammenfassung Im folgenden wird eine neuartige Aräometer-Apparatur zur Dichte- und Salzgehaltsbestimmung von Meerwasserproben beschrieben. Vor ähnlichen Apparaten zeichnet sie sich durch folgende Punkte aus:Sie ist besonders klein und kompakt gebaut und benötigt mit Vorspülen nur 60 bis 80 ccm Meerwasser. — Der Aräometer-Schwimmer selbst hat ein Volumen von nur 7 ccm. Dadurch, daß er an einem Härchen aufgehängt und die Oberflächenspannung durch Zugabe einiger Tropfen einer Detergenz-Lösung aufgehoben ist, wird ein reibungsloses Gleiten des Schwimmers ermöglicht. — Infolgedessen läßt sich der Auftrieb mit der großen Genauigkeit von 0,05 mg messen, was einer Empfindlichkeit von 0,01 S entspricht. — Als Meßinstrument dient eine kompakt gebaute Tor-sionswaage mit kreisförmiger Ableseskala, die sich in bequemer Höhe zum Auge befindet. Der Gesamtwägebereich umfaßt 200 mg, so daß der gesamte ozeanische Meßbereich von 0 bis 40 S ohne Schwimmerwechsel erfaßbar ist. — Gegenüber der Titration des Cl-Gehaltes hat die Methode den Vorteil, daß bei etwas erhöhter Empfindlichkeit und Arbeitsgeschwindigkeit im Serienbetrieb die Ablesung des Zeigers und des Thermometers wesentlich weniger ermüdend ist als die diffizile tropfenweise Zugabe der Silbernitratlösung und die Beobachtung des Indikatorumschlagpunktes. — Die Endberechnung des Salzgehaltes erfolgt über die beiden beobachteten Werte von Gewicht (an der Torsionswaage) und Temperatur (am Thermometer) und mit Hilfe einer bequem ablesbaren Fluchtentafel. — Der Meßvorgang selbst erfordert weder Chemikalien noch den Anschluß von Wasser oder elektrischem Strom.

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A simple small-type areometer for the precise determination of salinity and density in seawater

Summary The present paper describes a newly developed areometer for the determination of salinity and density of sea-water. The apparatus is distinguished by the following features:The areometer is extremely small, its construction is very compact; including preliminary rinsing, it requires only 60 to 80 cm³ of sea-water. The volume of the areometer float itself is 7 cm³ only. Besides, by suspending the float by a fine hair and suppressing surface tension by adding a few drops of detergent solution the float is enabled to slide without friction. Owing to these two operations, the weight can be determined with so high an accuracy as 0,05 mg, corresponding to a sensitivity of 0,01 S. — A compact torsion-balance which, at a convenient height, includes a circular reading scale, serves as a measuring instrument. The total weighing range of the balance amounts to 200 mg, thus enabling the entire oceanic measuring range from 0 to 40 S to be determined without having to change the float. — In comparison with chlorinity titration the new method offers the advantage of an increased sensitivity and a higher working speed, since in serial investigations reading of the indicator needle and of the thermometer is far less tiring than the troublesome addition of silver nitrate solution and the simultaneous observation of the equivalance point. — The definitive determination of salinity is carried out with the aid of the two observed values of weight (on the torsion balance) and temperature (on the thermometer) and a conveniently readable nomograph. — The measuring procedure requires neither the use of chemicals, nor water connection, nor power equipment.Résumé Le travail actuel décrit un nouvel aréomètre pour déterminer la salinité et la densité des échantillons d'eau de mer. Cet appareil est caractérisé par sa petitesse, par sa construction compacte, par la quantité insignifiante d'eau de mer de 60 à 80 cm³ qu'il demande, y compris l'eau pour le rincement préalable, et par le petit volume de seulement 7 cm³ de son flotteur. De plus, en suspendant le flotteur par un cheveu fin et en supprimant la tension superficielle de liquide par l'addition de plusieurs gouttes d'une solution de détersion on réussit à faire glisser sans friction le flotteur. Ces deux opérations permettent de mesurer le poids à l'extrême précision de 0,05 mg près, ce qui est identique à la sensibilité de 0,01 S. — Pour des mesures on se sert d'une balance compacte à torsion munie d'une échelle circulaire à lecture. Cette échelle se trouve installée à une hauteur convenable aux yeux. L'étendue totale de la balance va jusqu'à 200 mg, ce qui permet d'étudier l'entière étendue de mesure océanique de 0 à 40 S sans changer de flotteur. — Confrontant la méthode de titrage du chlore avec la nouvelle méthode, on remarquera que la lecture de l'aiguille et du thermomètre est beaucoup moins fatigante que la pénible addition par gouttes du nitrate d'argent et l'observation simultanée du moment de l'équilibre, surtout dans le cas où les circonstances demandent l'observation d'une sensibilité un peu élevée ou une plus grande rapidité de travail lors des recherches en série. — Le calcul définitif de la salinité se fait à l'aide de deux valeurs observées, à savoir le poids (sur la balance à torsion) et la température (sur le thermomètre), et au moyen d'un nomogramme bien lisible. — La méthode de mesure elle-même ne demande ni emploi de substances chimiques, ni distribution d'eau, ni installation d'énergie.

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Un aréomètre de simple construction pour la précise détermination de la salinité et de la densité de l'eau de mer